There is increasing evidence that astrocytes play important roles in immune regulation in the
brain. Astrocytes express toll‐like receptors (TLR) and build up responses to innate immune …

Acute inflammation is a key feature of innate immunity that initiates clearance and repair in
infected or damaged tissues. Alternatively, chronic inflammation is implicated in numerous …

Treatment of cultures with toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands or cytokines has become a
popular approach to investigate astrocyte neuroinflammatory responses and to simulate the …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are innate immunity receptors that are expressed on a wide range
of cell types, including CNS glial cells. In general, TLR engagement by specific sets of …

The specific signals mediating the activation of microglia and astrocytes as a prelude to, or
consequence of, CNS inflammation continue to be defined. We investigated TLRs as novel …

Within the central nervous system, astrocytes and microglia are the primary responders to
endogenous ligands released upon injury and stress, as well as to infectious pathogens …

The immunologic privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) makes it crucial that CNS
resident cells be capable of responding rapidly to infection. Astrocytes have been reported …

Reactive gliosis is a prominent feature of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory
disease in the CNS, yet the stimuli that drive this response are not known. There is growing …

In contrast to other tissues, the central nervous system (CNS) is essentially devoid of MHC
expression and shielded from antibodies by the blood–brain barrier. Therefore, a rapid local …

Astrocytes play an important role in initiating and regulating CNS immune responses
through the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Here we demonstrate …