Plants and their arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbionts interact in complex underground
networks involving multiple partners. This increases the potential for exploitation and …

The 450‐million‐year‐old symbiosis between the majority of land plants and arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is one of the most ancient, abundant, and ecologically important …

Cooperative interactions among species, termed mutualisms, have played a crucial role in
the evolution of life on Earth. However, despite key potential benefits to partners, there are …

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are one of the most important groups of plant symbionts.
These fungi provide mineral nutrients to plants in exchange for carbon. Although substantial …

Mutualisms, beneficial interactions between species, are expected to be unstable because
delivery of benefit likely involves fitness costs and selection should favour partners that …

The mutualism between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is widespread and
has persisted for over 400 million years. Although this mutualism depends on fair resource …

Although ectomycorrhizal fungi have well-recognized effects on ecological processes
ranging from plant community dynamics to carbon cycling rates, it is unclear if plants are …

In diverse mutualisms, it is common for potential partners to vary in the quality of benefits
they provide. When weakly beneficial mutualists and parasites have a competitive …

Can choice of mutualistic partners and the degree of their utilization determine (1)
mutualistic partner coexistence,(2) relative abundance of mutualistic partners, and (3) …

Explaining the persistence of mutualism remains a challenge in ecology and evolutionary
biology. The evolutionary stability of arbuscular mycorrhiza, a most widespread and ancient …