Background Maternal smoking or passive smoking during gestation increases the risk of
congenital birth defects, including neural tube defects (NTDs). Cigarette smoke is a …

In brief Normal gene expression during early embryonic development and in the placenta is
crucial for a successful pregnancy. Nicotine can disrupt normal gene expression during …

Maternal cigarette smoking is a risk factor for congenital heart defects (CHDs). Nicotine
replacement therapies are often offered to pregnant women following failed attempts of …

BACKGROUND Although cigarette smoke is a well‐established toxin and harmful to the
developing embryo, the evidence for an independent effect on the occurrence of neural tube …

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with multiple undesirable outcomes in infants, such
as low birth weight, increased neonatal morbidity and mortality, and catastrophic conditions …

Objective To explore the relationship between maternal passive smoking during early
pregnancy and the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). Methods Data was derived from a …

Background Early-life exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) is associated with an increased
risk of developing a neurodevelopmental disorder during childhood or later in life …

Maternal cigarette smoke exposure (SE) during gestation can cause lifelong adverse effects
in the offspring's brain. Several factors may contribute including inflammation, oxidative …

Although it is known that smoking during pregnancy induces fetal malformations, few basic
studies at the molecular level are currently available. Since it is known that neural crest cells …

Background Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation adversely affect lung
development of their children. High‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is the encoded non …