In animal experiments, the indirect corticospinal tract (CST) system via cervical interneurons
has been shown to mediate motor commands for online adjustment of visuomotor behaviors …

Modulatory actions of inputs from the visual system to cervical interneurons (IN) for arm
muscle control are poorly understood in humans. In the present study, we examined whether …

Adaptation of reaching movements to a novel dynamic environment is associated with
changes in neuronal activity in the primary motor cortex (M1), suggesting that M1 neurons …

Skilled interactions with new environments require flexible changes to the transformation
from somatosensory signals to motor outputs. Transcortical reflex gains are known to be …

A voluntary contraction of muscles with one arm increases the excitability of corticospinal
projections to the contralateral resting arm, a phenomenon known as crossed facilitation …

Key points Activity in the primary motor cortices of both hemispheres increases during
unilateral movement preparation, but the functional role of ipsilateral motor cortex activity is …

Training of one limb improves performance of the contralateral, untrained limb, a
phenomenon known as cross transfer. It has been used for rehabilitation interventions, ie …

To make an accurate movement, the CNS has to overcome the inherent complexities of the
multijoint limb. For example, interaction torques arise when motion of individual arm …

This study explored the dynamical changes in corticospinal excitability during the
imagination of cyclical unimanual and bimanual wrist flexion–extension movements …

Corticospinal output pathways have typically been considered to be the primary driver for
voluntary movements of the hand/forearm; however, more recently, reticulospinal drive has …