Angiosperms and their flowers have greatly diversified into an overwhelming array of forms
in the past 135 million years. Diversification was shaped by changes in climate and the …

Abstract Background and Aims Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae are two angiosperm families
with extreme flower synorganization. They are unrelated, the former in eudicots, the latter in …

Recent advances in phylogeny reconstruction and floral genetics set the stage for new
investigations of the origin and diversification of the flower. We review the current state of …

The evolution of selected characters of the perianth, androecium, and gynoecium was
reconstructed on a modification of the recent three-gene topology for angiosperms to …

Several ways in which morphology is used in systematic and evolutionary research in
angiosperms are shown and illustrated with examples: 1) searches for special structural …

Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics and a series of important palaeobotanical
discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of angiosperm diversification. Yet, the …

The angiosperm flower develops through a modular programme which, although ancient
and conserved, provides the flexibility that has allowed an almost infinite variety of floral …

Recent attempts to address the long-debated 'origin'of the angiosperms depend on a
phylogenetic framework derived from a matrix of taxa versus characters; most assume that …

The reproductive organs and mating biology of angiosperms exhibit greater variety than
those of any other group of organisms. Flowers and inflorescences are also the most diverse …

This chapter brings together aspects of floral development and evolution in angiosperms
derived from the diversity of structures of extant plants. It provides a framework especially …