Mucosal vaccines are receiving increasing interest both for protecting against infectious
diseases and for inducing therapeutic immune responses to treat non-infectious diseases …

Mucosal pathogens, as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lead …

Cancer of mucosal tissues is a major cause of worldwide mortality for which only palliative
treatments are available for patients with late‐stage disease. Engineered cancer vaccines …

Oral vaccines have the potential to reduce cost, improve compliance, and induce immunity
at mucosal surfaces that are the first line of defense against infection. The gastrointestinal …

Mucosal surfaces are the interface between the host's internal milieu and the external
environment, and they have dual functions, serving as physical barriers to foreign antigens …

Mucosal surfaces are a major portal of entry for many human pathogens that are the cause
of infectious diseases worldwide. Vaccines capable of eliciting mucosal immune responses …

Delivery of vaccines by nasal sprays may enable more robust, protective mucosal immune
responses against infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, compared with intramuscular …

Despite the success of vaccines in preventing many infectious diseases, effective vaccines
against pathogens with ongoing challenges—such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis …

The oral and nasal cavities serve as critical gateways for infectious pathogens, with
microorganisms primarily gaining entry through these routes. Our first line of defense against …

Mucosal administration of vaccine is most prevalent way to induce desired immunity against
various types of antigen and microbial in central and in addition, the peripheral blood in …