Asthma is chronic inflammation of the airways characterized by airway hyper-
responsiveness, wheezing, cough, and dyspnea. Asthma affects> 350 million people …

Publisher Summary Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are highly
complex airway-obstruction disease conditions. Chronic inflammation of airways is …

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with type 2 cytokines
interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, which promote airway eosinophilia, mucus …

Current asthma therapy is based on the use of adrenergic bronchodilator and anti-
inflammatory drugs the specificity, efficacy, duration of action, and safety of which have been …

Airway inflammation in asthma involves complex, interactive, and redundant cascades
mediated by an array of proinflammatory cytokines, including a type 2 (T2) pattern of injury …

Treatment options for severe or uncontrolled asthma are increasing, especially pertaining to
novel biologic therapies. The 2 primary asthma endotypes, T2 high and T2 low, are defined …

Recent developments in therapeutic strategies have provided alternatives to corticosteroids
as the cornerstone treatment for managing airway inflammation in asthma. The past two …

The pathogenesis of allergic asthma involves the interplay of inflammatory cells and resident
airway cells, and of their secreted mediators including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors …

Cytokine antagonists are monoclonal antibodies that offer new treatment options for
refractory asthma but will also increase complexity because they are effective only for …

Highlights•This review gives an overview of the recently discussed phenotypes and
describes possible underlying endotypes in asthma.•The interrelationship between clinical …