Most pathogens access the body through the mucosal membranes. Therefore, effective
vaccines that protect at these sites are much needed. However, despite early success with …

To develop protective immune responses against mucosal pathogens, the delivery route
and adjuvants for vaccination are important. The host, however, strives to maintain mucosal …

The mucosal surface is the largest route through which pathogens enter the human body. To
control the outbreak of mucosal infectious diseases, we must use our knowledge of the …

Mucosal immunization has potential benefits over conventional parenteral immunization,
eliciting immune defense in both mucosal and systemic tissue for protecting from pathogen …

Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the
predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at …

Proper stimulation of the mucosal immune system is critical for the effective protection of
mucosal surfaces against colonization and invasion of infectious agents. This requires …

Mucosal immune responses are the first‐line defensive mechanisms against a variety of
infections. Therefore, immunizations of mucosal surfaces from which majority of infectious …

A majority of infectious microorganisms either colonize or cross mucosal surfaces to enter
the host. A major goal in vaccine design is to induce a protective, lasting immune response …

Mucosal surfaces are the major entrance for infectious pathogens and therefore mucosal
immune responses serve as a first line of defence. Most current immunization procedures …

There remains a great need to develop vaccines against many of the pathogens that infect
mucosal tissues or have a mucosal port of entry. Parenteral vaccination may protect in some …