This paper presents an overview of the current knowledge of the neurophysiology and
cellular pharmacology of sleep mechanisms. It is written from the perspective that recent …

Sleep is a physiological global state composed of two different phases: Non-rapid eye
movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The control mechanisms of sleep …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Many neurochemical systems interact to generate wakefulness and sleep. Wakefulness is
promoted by neurons in the pons, midbrain, and posterior hypothalamus that produce …

Sleep homeostasis reflects a centrally mediated drive for sleep, which increases during
waking and resolves during subsequent sleep. Here we demonstrate that mice deficient for …

As one of the fundamental sleep states, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is believed to be
associated with dreaming and is characterized by low-voltage, fast electroencephalographic …

Sleep deprivation (SD) increases extracellular adenosine levels in the basal forebrain, and
pharmacological manipulations that increase extracellular adenosine in the same area …

Many neurochemically distinct systems interact to regulate wakefulness and sleep.
Wakefulness is promoted by brainstem and hypothalamic neurons producing acetylcholine …

Roughly one-third of the human lifetime is spent in sleep, yet the reason for sleep remains
unclear. Understanding the physiologic function of sleep is crucial toward establishing …

During sleep, the mammalian CNS undergoes widespread, synchronized slow-wave activity
(SWA) that directly varies with previous waking duration (;). When sleep is restricted, an …