Background Epidural analgesia is a central nerve block technique achieved by injection of a
local anaesthetic close to the nerves that transmit pain, and is widely used as a form of pain …

Background Epidural analgesia is effective in reducing labour pain, but the possible adverse
effects are not clear. Objectives The objective of this review was to assess the effects of …

Background Pain during childbirth is arguably the most severe pain some women may
experience in their lifetime. Epidural analgesia is an effective form of pain relief during …

Background Traditional epidural techniques have been associated with prolonged labour,
use of oxytocin augmentation and increased incidence of instrumental vaginal delivery. The …

Background Although epidural analgesia provides the most effective labour analgesia, it is
associated with some adverse obstetric consequences, including an increased risk of …

Several strategies and alternative therapies have been used to provide analgesia for labour
pain. Over the last few years, a number of improvements have enhanced the efficacy and …

Background Epidural analgesia for pain relief in labour prolongs the second stage of labour
and results in more instrumental deliveries. It has been suggested that a more upright …

Lumbar epidural is the most effective form of pain relief in labor with around 30% of laboring
women in the UK and 60% in the USA receiving epidural analgesia. Associations of epidural …

Objectives To investigate possible short and long term side effects of epidural analgesia,
compared with non‐epidural analgesia for pain relief in labour. Design Randomised …

Background Parenteral opioids (intramuscular and intravenous drugs including patient‐
controlled analgesia) are used for pain relief in labour in many countries throughout the …