The middle ear muscle (MEM) reflex is one of two major descending systems to the auditory
periphery. There are two middle ear muscles (MEMs): the stapedius and the tensor tympani …

The middle ear muscle (MEM) reflexes function to protect the inner ear from intense acoustic
stimuli and to reduce acoustic masking. Sound presented to the same side or to the opposite …

The middle ear of mammals and many lower animals is a complex biomechanical system
that enables the inner ear to achieve impedance matching with the surrounding sound …

Modern industry has produced a noisy world. The din of jack hammers, the whine of jet
engines and the blare of amplified electric guitars have become all too commonplace. It was …

Acoustic stimuli can evoke reflex EMG responses (acoustic jaw reflex) in the masseter
muscle. Although these were previously ascribed to activation of cochlear receptors, high …

The pathways of the acoustic reflexes activating the m. stapedius (St) and m. tensor tympani
(TT) were studied with physiological and experimental neuroanatomical methods. The reflex …

Cochlear neuropathy, ie the loss of auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) without loss of hair cells,
may cause hearing deficits without affecting threshold sensitivity, particularly if the subset of …

A wide range of acoustic frequencies and amplitudes present in the motion at the footplate of
the stapes are analyzed and encoded in the cochlea for transmission to the central nervous …

There are two major efferent feedback pathways to the auditory periphery: the middle ear
muscle (MEM) reflex and the olivocochlear (OC) efferent reflex. Although the peripheral …

Sound is a natural stimulus for both cochlear and saccular receptors. At high intensities it
evokes in active masseter muscles of healthy subjects two overlapping reflexes: p11/n15 …