Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and
chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they …

Adverse effects of opioids are multiple. They are most often receptor-mediated and
inseparable from their desired effects. The most severe mishaps with opioids are related to …

Intolerable side effects contribute to poor outcomes among patients managed with opioids,
and negotiating these side effects remains an important clinical challenge. Evidence-based …

Objectives: We aimed to examine the published literature on basic science explaining
pronociceptive opioid actions, and apply this knowledge to clinical observation. Methods …

Common side effects of opioid administration include sedation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting,
constipation, physical dependence, tolerance, and respiratory depression. Physical …

Background: Long-term pain is a debilitating condition that is costly to treat and has a
significant impact on patient quality of life. Classical opioids have been used for the …

Opioid analgesics have an established role in the management of postoperative pain and
cancer pain, and are gaining acceptance for the management of moderate to severe chronic …

While opioids remain a valid and effective analgesic strategy for patients suffering from a
wide variety of painful conditions, they are not a panacea. Increasingly, physicians must …

Background Long‐term opioid prescribing for musculoskeletal pain is controversial due to
uncertainty regarding effectiveness and safety. This study examined the risks of a range of …

Introduction: Opioids are the oldest and most potent drugs for the treatment of severe pain,
but they are burdened by detrimental side effects such as respiratory depression, addiction …