CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) are potent immune stimuli currently under
investigation as antimicrobial agents for different species. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 and …

Synthetic phosphorothiolate-modified CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) are potent
immune stimuli. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 and TLR21 are their cellular receptors in different …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of
microbial pathogens for the initiation of host defense immunological responses. Thirteen …

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) represent a kind of pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs) as well as a novel adjuvant that activate the innate immune system …

Cytosine‐guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) motifs of bacterial DNA are recognized
through toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) and are potent activators of innate immunity. However …

Vertebrate toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense invading pathogens by recognizing bacterial and
viral structures and, as a result, activate innate and adaptive immune responses. Ten human …

Bacterial and synthetic DNAs containing CpG dinucleotides in specific sequence contexts
activate the vertebrate immune system through Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). In the present …

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides act as agonists
of TLR9 and induce Th1-type immune responses. In the present study, we synthesized CpG …

Background Bacterial DNA is well-known for its potent immunostimulatory properties which
have been attributed to the abundance of CpG dinucleotides within the genomes of …

Similar to mammalian species, chickens show marked immunological responses to CpG
oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) both in vivo and in vitro. In mammals, the receptor for ODNs …