Why are boys at risk? To address this question, I use the perspective of regulation theory to
offer a model of the deeper psychoneurobiological mechanisms that underlie the …

Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by relatively early onset, with temporal
variations across conditions. These lifelong conditions lead to social and communication …

Early-onset disorders (eg, conduct problems, autism) show a marked male preponderance,
whereas adolescent-onset disorders (eg, depression, anxiety) show a marked female …

Brain development diverges in males and females in response to androgen production by
the fetal testis. This sexual differentiation of the brain occurs during a sensitive window and …

Identifying and understanding the sources of inherent risk to neurodevelopmental disorders
is a fundamental goal of neuroscience. Being male or being exposed to inflammation early …

During gestation, development proceeds at a pace that is unmatched by any other stage of
the life cycle. For these reasons the human fetus is particularly susceptible not only to …

Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by dramatic changes in cognition, risk-
taking and social behavior. Although gonadal steroid hormones are well-known mediators of …

Do biological factors, such as gonadal hormones, determine our sexual destiny after our
genes are in place? Do they make men aggressive, or women nurturing? Do they cause …

Understanding critical periods in brain development and how they impact adult functioning
is a primary goal of neuroscience. The sexual differentiation of the brain is a unique critical …

Despite the well-established sex difference in prevalence of many childhood and adolescent
psychopathological conditions, no integrative metatheory of sex differences in …