The structural integrity of vaccine antigens is critical to the generation of protective antibody
responses, but the impact of protease activity on vaccination in vivo is poorly understood …

In contrast to naïve T cells that recognize short antigen-derived peptides displayed by
specialized antigen-presenting cells, immunoglobulin receptors of B lymphocytes primarily …

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) internalize antigens and present antigen-derived peptides
to T cells. Although APCs have been thought to exhibit a well-developed capacity for …

When exposed to antigens, naïve B cells differentiate into different types of effector cells:
antibody-producing plasma cells, germinal center cells, or memory cells. Whether an …

In response to a variety of stimuli, dendritic cells (DCs) transform from immature cells
specialized for antigen capture into mature cells specialized for T cell stimulation. During …

“Cross-priming” describes the activation of naïve CD8+ T cells by professional antigen-
presenting cells that have acquired viral or tumor antigens from “donor” cells. Antigen …

Antibodies somatically mutate to attain high affinity in germinal centers (GCs). There,
competition between B cell clones and among somatic mutants of each clone drives an …

Early events in the humoral immune response were visualized in lymph nodes by
simultaneous tracking of antigen-specific CD4 T and B cells after immunization. The T cells …

T follicular helper (TFH) cells select high-affinity, antibody-producing B cells for clonal
expansion in germinal centers (GCs), but the nature of their interaction is not well defined …

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are specialized to display intact antigens for recognition by
B cells. Here we show that inhibition of lymphotoxin α/β (LTα/β) leads to the disappearance …