Many toxic secondary metabolites produced by phytopathogens can subvert host immunity,
and some of them are recognized as pathogenicity factors. Fusarium head blight and …

Plants have developed their own defense strategies because they have no immune cells. A
common plant defense strategy involves programmed cell death (PCD) at the infection site …

Alternaria alternata can resist high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The protective
roles of autophagy or autophagy‐mediated degradation of peroxisomes (termed …

Some compatible pathogens secrete toxins to induce host cell death and promote their
growth. The toxin-induced cell death is a pathogen strategy for infection. To clarify the …

The fungal AAL-toxin triggers programmed cell death (PCD) through perturbations of
sphingolipid metabolism in AAL-toxin-sensitive plants. While Arabidopsis is relatively …

Plants are continually exposed to a variety of pathogenic organisms, including bacteria,
fungi and viruses. In response to these assaults, plants have developed various defense …

Oomycete, particularly Phytophthora species, causes the most devastating crop diseases,
such as potato late blight, and threatens the sustainable crop production worldwide. Our …

Autophagy has an important function in cellular homeostasis. In recent years autophagy has
been implicated in plant basal immunity and assigned negative ('anti-death') and positive …

Plant immunity to avirulent bacterial pathogens is associated with subcellular membrane
dynamics including fusion between the vacuolar and plasma membranes, resulting in …

In plants, autophagy has been assigned 'pro‐death'and 'pro‐survival'roles in controlling
programmed cell death associated with microbial effector‐triggered immunity. The role of …