One hundred and fifty years ago Max Schultze first proposed the duplex theory of vision, that
vertebrate eyes have two types of photoreceptor cells with differing sensitivity: rods for dim …

Vertebrate retinal photoreceptors consist of two types of cells, the rods and cones. Rods are
highly light-sensitive but their flash response time course is slow, so that they can detect a …

In the vertebrate retina, rods and cones both detect light, but they differ in functional aspects
such as light sensitivity and temporal resolution, and in some cell biological aspects. For …

Recent findings shed light on the steps underlying the evolution of vertebrate photoreceptors
and retina. Vertebrate ciliary photoreceptors are not as wholly distinct from invertebrate …

Photoreceptors in animals are generally of two kinds: the ciliary or c-type and the
rhabdomeric or r-type. Although ciliary photoreceptors are found in many phyla, vertebrates …

Under twenty-first-century metropolitan conditions, almost all of our vision is mediated by
cones and the photopic system, yet cones make up barely 5% of our retinal photoreceptors …

This paper reviews current knowledge of the evolution of the multiple genes encoding
proteins that mediate the process of phototransduction in rod and cone photoreceptors of …

Retinal rods and cones, which are the front-end light detectors in the eye, achieve wonders
together by being able to signal single-photon absorption and yet also able to adjust their …

Vertebrates rely on retinal rods and cones for the conventional, image-forming vision while
non-image-forming vision is mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells …

Retinal rod and cone pigments consist of an apoprotein, opsin, covalently linked to a
chromophore, 11-cis retinal. Here we demonstrate that the formation of the covalent bond …