The ability to secrete effector proteins that can enter plant cells and manipulate host
processes is a key determinant of what makes a successful plant pathogen. Here, we review …

Filamentous microorganisms, such as fungi and oomycetes, secrete an arsenal of effector
proteins that modulate plant innate immunity and enable parasitic infection. Deciphering the …

Research on effectors secreted by pathogens during host attack has dominated the field of
molecular plant–microbe interactions over recent years. Functional analysis of type III …

Fungal pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors, some of which are known to promote
host susceptibility. This biological complexity, together with the lack of genetic tools in some …

Filamentous pathogens, such as plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, secrete an arsenal
of effector molecules that modulate host innate immunity and enable parasitic infection. It is …

Highlights•A broad spectrum of fungal and oomycete mechanisms facilitate disease
development.•Biotrophic interfaces contain complex sets of components to evade host plant …

Pathogenic fungi have diverse growth lifestyles that support fungal colonization on plants.
Successful colonization and infection for all lifestyles depends upon the ability to modify …

Phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes invade and colonize their host plants
through distinct routes. These pathogens secrete diverse groups of effector proteins that aid …

Plants can be colonized by fungi that have adopted highly diverse lifestyles, ranging from
symbiotic to necrotrophic. Colonization is governed in all systems by hundreds of secreted …

Highlights•Effector uptake is either unspecific or involves several uptake mechanisms.•The
claim for pathogen-independent effector translocation needs to be revisited.•A unifying …