Fear extinction memories are strongly modulated by sex and hormonal status, but the exact
mechanisms are still being discovered. In humans, there are some basal and task-related …

Despite the exponential increase in fear research during the last years, few studies have
included female subjects in their design. The need to include females arises from the …

Abstract Effects of a specific factor on fear extinction or exposure therapy have revealed
promising results, for example how sex or stress hormones exert the capability to critically …

Highlights•Men and women differ in their ability to acquire and to extinguish fear.•Sex
hormones play a critical role in the modulation of fear conditioning processes.•Low estrogen …

Convergent data from rodents and human studies have led to the development of models
describing the neural mechanisms of fear extinction. Key components of the now well …

Abstract: Most people have experienced traumatic events throughout their lives, but only a
few developed into Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The susceptibility and protective …

Gonadal hormones modulate fear acquisition, but less is known about the influence of
gonadal hormones on fear extinction. We assessed sex differences and the influence of …

Stress and fear are two fields of research that have evolved simultaneously. It was not until
the eighties that these domains converged in order to better characterize the impact of stress …

Background The neural projections from the infralimbic region of the prefrontal cortex to the
amygdala are important for the maintenance of conditioned fear extinction. Neurons in this …

Ability to efficiently extinguish fear memories is critical for individual well-being, and
extinction impairments are commonly observed in a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions …