Owing to the variability of oxygen tension in aquatic, especially the freshwater environment,
oxygen has been a major force in the evolution of fishes. Their long evolutionary history, and …

Periods of environmental hypoxia (Low Oxygen Availability) are extremely common in
aquatic systems due to both natural causes such as diurnal oscillations in algal respiration …

The problem of understanding the effect of the environment on fish activities and
performance, in any generalized way, remains intractable. Solving this issue is, however, a …

This chapter attempts to synthesize the responses of fish to hypoxia presented in this Fish
Physiology volume. The previous chapters are built on by differentiating between …

Hypoxia survival requires a well-coordinated response to either secure more O 2 from the
depleted environment or to defend against the metabolic consequences of too little O 2 at …

The role of oxygen in regulating patterns of gene expression in mammalian development,
physiology, and pathology has received increasing attention, especially after the discovery …

Changes in oxygen levels occur frequently in aquatic environments; therefore, water
organisms, including fishes, evolve a wide spectrum of adaptations to both anoxia/hypoxia …

The capacity for metabolic energy (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) production via oxidative
phosphorylation is much greater (~ 15×) than by anaerobic glycolysis, and vertebrates have …

Hypoxia survival in fish requires a well-coordinated response to either secure more O2 from
the hypoxic environment or to limit the metabolic consequences of an O2 restriction at the …

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on what is known about oxygen transport in
tropical fishes, with emphasis on freshwater fishes of the Amazon and India, for which the …