Drug addiction is a progressive, relapsing disease comprised of interlocking stages of
disordered motivation. Numerous animal models describing various stages of the addiction …

In standard drug self-administration settings, animals have no choice than drug use. As a
result, serious doubt exists about the interpretation of drug use in experimental animals. Is it …

How much, how often and how fast a drug reaches the brain determine the behavioural and
neuroplastic changes associated with the addiction process. Despite the critical nature of …

Drug addiction is a neuropsychiatric disorder with grave personal consequences that has an
extraordinary global economic impact. Despite decades of research, the options available to …

Drug addiction is a psychiatric disorder based on a dysfunction of the brain. It frequently
develops from a controlled drug consumption and drug instrumentalization (DI). Thereby, DI …

Drug addiction is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder that affects a subset of the individuals
who take drugs. It is characterized by maladaptive drug-seeking habits that are maintained …

Background Several theories propose alternative explanations for drug addiction. Objectives
We propose a general theory of transition to addiction that synthesizes knowledge …

Among the different behavioral criteria used to discriminate substance dependence (or drug
addiction) from other non-disordered forms of drug use, drug intake escalation presents a …

Using addictive drugs can evolve from controlled social use into the compulsive relapsing
disorder that characterizes addiction. This transition to addiction results from genetic …

Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug intake, loss
of control over intake, and impairment in social and occupational function. Animal models …