Since the 1950s more than 80 models of prosthetic heart valves have been developed and
used. More than 60,000 valve replacements are performed annually in the United States …

The 2007 Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research was granted to Albert Starr and Alain
Carpentier for their contributions to the development of the prosthetic heart valve. Dr. Elliot …

The need for prosthetic heart valves was long recognized but seemed an impossible dream
before 1952 when Dr Charles Hufnagel [1] clinically introduced a ball valve that he placed …

Currently-used mechanical and biological heart valve prostheses have several
disadvantages. Mechanical prostheses, based on carbon, metallic and polymeric …

Mechanical cardiac valvular prostheses currently enjoy a 60% to 40% market-share
advantage over tissue prostheses in the United States and worldwide. Only the Starr …

It is 40 years since Starr and Edwards' description of successful prosthetic valve
replacement in 1961. Some patients who underwent valve replacement with the original …

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Natural heart valves are thin membranes which can
seen to the uninitiated to be too fragile to open and close constantly hour after hour to keep …

Prosthetic heart valves epitomize both the triumphant advance of cardiac surgery in its early
days and its stagnation into a retrospective, exclusive first world discipline of late. Fifty-two …

Introduction his monograph reviews the long-term clinical results of the various options for
heart valve replacement, based on recent (1989-1999) publications. As an ongoing …