The basal ganglia (BG) contribute to reinforcement learning (RL) and decision-making, but
unlike artificial RL agents, it relies on complex circuitry and dynamic dopamine modulation …

A set of sub-cortical nuclei called basal ganglia is critical for learning the values of actions.
The basal ganglia include two pathways, which have been associated with approach and …

We continuously face the dilemma of choosing between actions that gather new information
or actions that exploit existing knowledge. This “exploration-exploitation” trade-off depends …

The basal ganglia support learning to exploit decisions that have yielded positive outcomes
in the past. In contrast, limited evidence implicates the prefrontal cortex in the process of …

Dopamine is implicated in adaptive behavior through reward prediction error (RPE) signals
that update value estimates. There is also accumulating evidence that animals in structured …

Reinforcement learning provides both qualitative and quantitative frameworks for
understanding and modeling adaptive decision-making in the face of rewards and …

Highlights•Decision-making involves various uses of internal models, such as reflecting
reward structures.•Generalized prediction errors are used to improve value-based decision …

The basal ganglia support learning to exploit decisions that have yielded positive outcomes
in the past. In contrast, limited evidence implicates the prefrontal cortex for making strategic …

How are actions linked with subsequent outcomes to guide choices? The nucleus
accumbens, which is implicated in this process, receives glutamatergic inputs from the …

Midbrain dopamine signals are widely thought to report reward prediction errors that drive
learning in the basal ganglia. However, dopamine has also been implicated in various …