Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on
the cell type, can be activated (ie, T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (ie, T3 to 3, 3′-diiodo-l …

Thyroid hormones (TH) are endocrine messengers essential for normal development and
function of virtually every vertebrate. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is exquisitely …

BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormone influences gene expression in virtually all vertebrates. Its
action is initiated by the activation of T4 to T3, an outer ring deiodination reaction that is …

Cells are not passive bystanders in the process of hormonal signaling and instead can
actively customize hormonal action. Thyroid hormone gains access to the intracellular …

Thyroid hormones (THs) are key determinants of cellular metabolism and regulate a variety
of pathways that are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in …

Recent evidence derived from transgenic mouse models and findings in humans with
mutations affecting thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism have convincingly supported a model …

Thyroid hormone (TH) is required for normal development as well as regulating metabolism
in the adult. The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms, α and β, are differentially …

The hypothalamus‐pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone
(TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the …

The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore
are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research …

Thyroid hormone signaling is customized in a time and cell-specific manner by the
deiodinases, homodimeric thioredoxin fold containing selenoproteins. This ensures …