Tumor microenvironment (TME) formation is a major cause of immunosuppression. The TME
consists of a considerable number of macrophages and stromal cells that have been …

The CC motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a crucial mediator of immune cell recruitment
during microbial infections and tissue damage. CCL2 is also frequently overexpressed in …

CCL4, a CC chemokine, previously known as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β,
has diverse effects on various types of immune and nonimmune cells by the virtue of its …

Chemokines are a small family of cytokines that were first discovered as chemotactic factors
in leukocytes during inflammation, and reports on the relationship between chemokines and …

Until recently, inflammatory chemokines were viewed mainly as indispensable “gate
keepers” of immunity and inflammation. However, updated research indicates that cancer …

Within the tumor microenvironment, chemokines play a key role in immune cell trafficking
regulation and immune landscape formulation. CCL3 or macrophage inflammatory protein …

T cell-mediated elimination of malignant cells is one cornerstone of endogenous and
therapeutically induced antitumor immunity. Tumors exploit numerous regulatory …

CCL20, as a chemokine, plays an important role in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and other
diseases by binding to its receptor CCR6. Recent 10 years' research has demonstrated that …

In addition to direct effect on tumor cells, the tumor-promoting activity of CCL2 has been
ascribed to its role in chemoattracting tumor-associated macrophages. However it is unclear …

Chemokines are essential mediators of immune cell trafficking. In a tumor microenvironment
context, chemotactic cytokines are known to regulate the migration, positioning and …