While most of a bacterial population is killed upon antibiotic exposure, a fraction transiently
exhibits a multidrug-tolerant phenotype termed antibiotic persistence. This phenomenon …

Toxin–antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed
of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that …

Bacterial persister cells constitute a subpopulation of genetically identical, metabolically
slow-growing cells that are highly tolerant of antibiotics and other environmental stresses …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are key regulators of bacterial persistence, a multidrug-tolerant
state found in bacterial species that is a major contributing factor to the growing human …

Bacterial persistence represents a simple of phenotypic heterogeneity, whereby a proportion
of cells in an isogenic bacterial population can survive exposure to lethal stresses such as …

In the face of antibiotics, bacterial populations avoid extinction by harboring a subpopulation
of dormant cells that are largely drug insensitive. This phenomenon, termed “persistence,” is …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are ubiquitous gene loci among bacteria and are comprised of
a toxin part and its cognate antitoxin part. Under normal physiological conditions, antitoxin …

The Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome encodes at least five proteic toxin-antitoxin (TA)
systems. The mazEF and relBE systems have been extensively characterized and were …

Highlights•Toxin–antitoxin systems induce a reversible growth arrest in bacteria.•Some
toxins degrade their target whereas others only modify them.•Mechanisms of detoxification …

The bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) system is a module that may play a role in cell survival
under stress conditions. Generally, toxin molecules act as negative regulators in cell survival …