Highlights•Prey face trade-offs across multiple stages of the antipredator response.•We
explore repeatability of antipredator responses and correlations between stages.•Human …

The main purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the new thinking in how
individual level, predator-induced responses can scale up to affect population dynamics in …

Large mammalian herbivores use a diverse array of strategies to survive predator
encounters including flight, grouping, vigilance, warning signals, and fitness indicators …

Hundreds of experimental studies (primarily undertaken in the laboratory) have quantified
the effects of predation risk on prey behavior, usually by contrasting prey behavior in the …

Highlights•We observed vervet monkeys to assess whether predators affect vigilance and
foraging.•Vervets were as likely to forage after predator encounters as they were …

Highlights•Behavioural plasticity may allow prey to cope with natural gradients in predation
risk.•I examined effects of behavioural plasticity on crabs' likelihood of being preyed …

Behavioral ecologists have long been interested in understanding the adaptive value of
antipredator behavior (Sih 1987; Lima and Dill 1990; Lima 1998). A recent review by Lind …

In the study of behavioral predator–prey interactions, predators have been treated as
abstract sources of risk to which prey respond, rather than participants in a larger behavioral …

Although biologists routinely label animals as predators and prey, the ecological role of
individuals is often far from clear. There are many examples of role reversals in predators …

Temporal variation in predation risk may fundamentally influence antipredator responses of
prey animals. To maximize lifetime fitness, prey must be able to optimize energy gain and …