We hypothesize that the plasma cholesterol and LDL levels currently considered normal are
evolutionarily too high. Cholesterol and/or oxidized low-density lipoprotein, even as a mild …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Many studies and observations suggest
that it could be caused by an immune reaction against autoantigens at the endothelial level …

Atherosclerosis has long been considered as a lipid storage disease. Recent data suggest
that autoimmune mechanisms seem to be involved in the pathophysiology of …

Immunoinflammatory processes are discussed increasingly as possible pathogenic factors
for the development of atherosclerosis. Here, we summarize the data on which we have built …

Accumulating evidence supports an autoimmune mechanism as one of the prime
pathogenic processes involved in the development of atherosclerosis. So far, three proteins …

In contrast to general beliefs, recent data from different laboratories have provided evidence
that the first stages of atherosclerosis are of an inflammatory nature. Here, Georg Wick and …

The modern view of atherosclerosis is of a chronic inflammatory disorder. In accord with this
paradigm, the process of uninhibited influx of fat to the vessel wall results from an …

Immunologic research into pathogenic mechanisms operating in autoimmune-mediated
atherosclerosis initially focused on adaptive immunity. Current interest is directed to more …

Hallmarks of inflammation in various cardiovascular diseases, notably atherosclerosis, have
been observed for a long time. However, evidence for an (auto) antigen-driven process at …

The endothelium of the vessel wall as a barrier between blood and the subendothelial
matrix proteins is essential for preventing thrombus formation and subsequent …