Introduction: There are various important implications associated with poorly controlled
postoperative pain in the adult surgical patient–this includes cardiopulmonary …

Opioids play a crucial role in pain management in spite of causing increased hospital
morbidity and related costs. It may also cause significant risks such as postoperative nausea …

The practice of modern anesthesiology has been developed from intraoperative period into
perioperative period. Postoperative pain management is one of the most important …

There is an epidemic of opioid use, abuse, and misuse in the United States, which results in
significant morbidity and mortality. It may be difficult to reduce perioperative opioid use given …

Importance Amid the current opioid epidemic in the United States, the enhanced recovery
after surgery pathway (ERAS) has emerged as one of the best strategies to improve the …

Given the expanding role of ambulatory surgery and the need to facilitate an earlier hospital
discharge, improving postoperative pain control has become an increasingly important issue …

The under-treatment of postoperative pain has been recognised to delay patient recovery
and discharge from hospital. Despite recognition of the importance of effective pain control …

Despite advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of nociception, postoperative
pain continues to be undertreated. There are many modalities that may provide effective …

Perioperative pain management is a significant challenge following major spine surgery.
Many pathways contribute to perioperative pain, including nociceptive, inflammatory, and …

Postoperative pain control in patients undergoing spine surgery remains a challenge for the
anesthesiologist. In addition to incisional pain, these patients experience pain arising from …