Autoimmune diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized
world, affecting 3–8% of the population. In principle, autoimmunity develops after breaking …

Autoimmune diseases result from complex interactions among different immune cell types,
including both T and B lymphocytes and professional antigen-presenting cells, such as …

Cytokines play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The precise
triggers for the breakdown of self-tolerance and the subsequent events leading to the …

Cytokines have crucial functions in the development, differentiation and regulation of
immune cells. As a result, dysregulation of cytokine production or action is thought to have a …

There have been significant advances in our understanding of human autoimmunity that
have led to improvements in classification and diagnosis and, most importantly, research …

Autoimmune disease has long been considered a shadow following infectious diseases.
Epidemiological evidence shows that rheumatic fever follows streptococcal infection …

The immune system specifically recognizes and eliminates foreign agents thereby protecting
the host against infection. During maturation of the immune system, immune cells that react …

The autoimmune diseases result from inappropriate responses of the immune system to self
antigens. The etiology of autoimmune diseases remains largely unknown but candidate …

Autoimmune responses are controlled by complex regulatory circuits. Previous work has
revealed that factors controlling autoimmunity can act both as potentiating and inhibitory …

In recent decades, an enormous effort has been made to elucidate the pathogenesis of
autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Autoimmunity is a multifactorial process in …