Aim Apoptosis of endothelial cells (ECs) is a crucial factor in blood-spinal cord barrier
(BSCB) disruption post spinal cord injury (SCI). Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a …

After spinal cord injury (SCI), disruption of blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) elicits blood cell
infiltration such as neutrophils and macrophages, contributing to permanent neurological …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in dynamic alterations of the microenvironment at the lesion
site, which inevitably leads to neuron degeneration and functional deficits. The prominent …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event that causes substantial morbidity and
mortality, for which no fully restorative treatments are available. Stem cells transplantation …

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted mitogen associated with
angiogenesis and re-vascularization of spinal cord injury (SCI). VEGF has long been …

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation is involved in blood spinal cord barrier
(BSCB) disruption and secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the …

Background Survival and therapeutic actions of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem
cells (BMMSCs) can be limited by the hostile microenvironment present during acute spinal …

Excessive productions of inflammatory cytokines and free radicals are involved in spinal
cord injury (SCI). Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) is associated with inflammatory response …

Abstract Objects Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) causes neurological dysfunction below
the injured segment of the spinal cord, which significantly impacts the quality of life in …

Abstract Interleukin-6 (IL)-6 was originally discovered as a factor that contributes to the
secondary pathological and inflammatory response in the central nervous system (CNS) …