Background Childhoods in urban or rural environments may differentially affect the risk of
neuropsychiatric disorders, possibly through memory processing and neural response to …

Background Global increases in urbanization have brought dramatic economic,
environmental and social changes. However, less is understood about how these may …

Previous neuroimaging research has established associations between urban exposure
during early life and alterations in brain function and structure. However, the molecular …

Urbanization is increasing globally, and is associated with stress and increased mental
health risks, including for depression. However, it remains unclear, especially at the level of …

Urbanicity, the impact of living in urban areas, is among the greatest environmental
challenges for mental health. While urbanicity might be distinct in different sociocultural …

Brain phenotypes showing environmental influence may help clarify unexplained
associations between urban exposure and psychiatric risk. Heritable prefrontal fMRI …

Implementing motivated behaviors on the basis of prior reward is central to adaptive human
functioning, but aberrant reward-motivated behavior is a core feature of neuropsychiatric …

Background Childhood socioeconomic disadvantage is a form of adversity associated with
alterations in critical frontolimbic circuits involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric …

Low socioeconomic status has been shown to have detrimental effects on cognitive
performance, including working memory (WM). As executive systems that support WM …

Urbanization is a trend lasting for more than one century worldwide. Four hundred ninety
male and female adult Chinese Han participants with different urban and rural childhoods …