Pain diagnosis and management would benefit from the development of objective markers
of nociception and pain. Current research addressing this issue has focused on five main …

Nociception, in contrast to pain, is not a subjective feeling, but the physiological encoding
and processing of nociceptive stimuli. However, monitoring nociception remains a challenge …

Pain is a subjective sensory experience that can, mostly, be reported but cannot be directly
measured or quantified. Nevertheless, a suite of biomarkers related to mechanisms, neural …

At present, short-acting drugs are used in order to achieve the three components of
anaesthesia, that is, analgesia, hypnosis and immobility. Assessment of the …

Pain that persists or recurs for more than 3 months is defined as chronic and as such is one
of the largest medical health problems in the developed world. Although the management …

Valid and pragmatic assessment of pain is essential for effective pain management.
Unidimensional scales that capture self-reported pain intensity ratings undervalue to the …

Maintaining optimum analgesia in anesthetized patients is challenging due to the inability to
self-report pain or exhibit pain-related behaviours. The Analgesia Nociception Index …

Neurophysiological techniques help in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of chronic pain,
and are particularly useful to determine its neuropathic origin. According to current …

Analgesia (pain relief) amnesia (loss of memory) and immobilisation are the three major
components of anaesthesia. The perception of pain, and therefore, the need for analgesia, is …

Valid and reliable assessment of pain is essential for both clinical trials and effective pain
management. The nature of pain makes objective measurement impossible. Acute pain can …