This article provides an introduction to congenital hand differences by focusing on practical
surgical strategies for treating five commonly encountered conditions, including syndactyly …

This article explores recent developments for 6 of the more common congenital hand
differences, including polydactyly, syndactyly, camptodactyly, clinodactyly, trigger thumb …

Congenital conditions of the hand are commonly encountered in a pediatric hand surgery
practice. The physician must be comfortable and have a sound understanding of the …

Congenital thumb hypoplasia is a complex and heterogeneous congenital difference that is
detrimental to hand function. Apart from its' classic form, which is now considered to be part …

Congenital hand anomalies can cause substantial emotional and functional problems. This
article reviews the etiology, classification, and management of some of the more common …

Advances in the care of patients with congenital hand differences have made dramatic
progress in the modern era. These advances include refined surgical procedures, improved …

Classification of central defect of the hand includes three general categories--Type I
(typical), Type II (atypical), and Type III (two, three, and four digit hand). These three types of …

Expansion of the discipline of hand surgery and heightened interest in congenital problems
have resulted in major advances in the treatment of congenital hand anomalies over the …

Syndactyly is a congenital anomaly of the hand that is more common in males, is present
bilaterally in 50% of affected patients, and often is associated with other musculoskeletal …

Although several classifications have been proposed for congenital deformities, congenital
absence of digits and thumb has always been difficult to fit into any category. If we exclude …