Functional protein-coding small open reading frames (smORFs) are emerging as an
important class of genes. However, the number of translated smORFs in the human genome …

A large body of evidence indicates that genome annotation pipelines have biased our view
of coding sequences because they generally undersample small proteins and peptides. The …

Computational, genomic, and proteomic approaches have been used to discover
nonannotated protein-coding small open reading frames (smORFs). Some novel smORFs …

Thousands of small Open Reading Frames (smORFs) with the potential to encode small
peptides of fewer than 100 amino acids exist in our genomes. However, the number of …

Small open reading frames (smORFs) of 100 codons or fewer are usually—if arbitrarily—
excluded from proteome annotations. Despite this, the genomes of many metazoans …

Translated small open reading frames (smORFs) can have important regulatory roles and
encode microproteins, yet their genome-wide identification has been challenging. We …

Small open reading frames (smORFs) encoding polypeptides of less than 100 amino acids
in eukaryotes (50 amino acids in prokaryotes) were historically excluded from genome …

All species continuously evolve short open reading frames (sORFs) that can be templated
for protein synthesis and may provide raw materials for evolutionary adaptation. We …

The completion of genome sequences from model organisms creates new opportunities and
resources for both basic and applied research. The genome sequence of several bacterial …

Hundreds, perhaps thousands of previously unidentified functional small peptides could
exist in most genomes, but these sequences have been generally overlooked. The …