Women are at twice the risk for anxiety and depression disorders as men are, although the
underlying biological factors and mechanisms are largely unknown. In this review, we …

Abstract Social Signal Transduction Theory of Depression is a biologically plausible, multi-
level theory that describes neural, physiologic, molecular, and genomic mechanisms that …

Sex differences exist in vulnerability, symptoms, and treatment of many neuropsychiatric
disorders. In this review, we discuss both preclinical and clinical research that investigates …

Male and female brains differ significantly in both health and disease, and yet the female
brain has been understudied. Sex-hormone fluctuations make the female brain particularly …

Sex differences are prominent in mood and anxiety disorders and may provide a window
into mechanisms of onset and maintenance of affective disturbances in both men and …

Stress during sensitive developmental periods can adversely affect physical and
psychological development and contribute to later-life mental disorders. In particular …

Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions,
including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be …

Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both
the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex …

Men and women differ in their vulnerability to a variety of stress-related illnesses, but the
underlying neurobiological mechanisms are not well understood. This is likely due to a …

This article is part of a Special Issue “SBN 2014”. Women are more vulnerable to stress-and
fear-based disorders, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite the …