Background: Smoking during pregnancy has been associated with orofacial clefts in
numerous studies. However, most previous studies have not been able to assess the …

Maternal cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for oral clefts. Evidence is less
clear for passive (secondhand) smoke exposure. We combined individual-level data from 4 …

Objective A meta-analysis was performed to estimate the association between maternal
cigarette smoking and the risk of having a child with a nonsyndromic oral cleft (NSOC) …

The results of previous epidemiologic research on the possible association between
maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of oral clefts in offspring have been …

Studies on maternal smoking in relation to oral cleft defects have yielded inconsistent
findings, with results ranging from no association to sixfold increases in risk. The authors …

Objective To investigate the association between smoking and orofacial clefts in the United
Kingdom. Design Case-control study in which the mother's exposure to tobacco smoke was …

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between maternal smoking and non-syndromic
orofacial clefts in infants. METHODS: A meta-analysis of the association between maternal …

To investigate a possible association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and oral
clefts, a study was conducted using Swedish health registries. Infants with oral clefts (N …

Background Studies have found a consistent positive association between maternal
smoking and non-syndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFC). However, no comprehensive …

Objective To assess the association between maternal active cigarette smoking and the risk
of oral clefts in the offspring. Study Design Oral clefts are divided into three subgroups: total …