Our improved understanding of how innate immune responses can be initiated and how
they can shape adaptive B‐and T‐cell responses is having a significant impact on vaccine …

Vaccine efficacy is optimized by addition of immune adjuvants. However, although adjuvants
have been used for over a century, to date, only few adjuvants are approved for human use …

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a family of conserved pattern recognition receptors that
recognizes specific microbial patterns and allow the cell to distinguish between self and non …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern-recognition receptors that are an important
link between innate and adaptive immunity. Many established, as well as experimental …

Modern vaccines have largely shifted from using whole, killed or attenuated pathogens to
being based on subunit components. Since this diminishes immunogenicity, vaccine …

Innate immune cells have a critical role in defense against infection and disease. Central to
this is the broad specificity with which they can detect pathogen‐associated patterns and …

Successful vaccines contain an adjuvant component that activates the innate immune
system, thereby eliciting antigen-specific immune responses. Many adjuvants appear to be …

This work describes the nature and strength of the immune response induced by various Toll-
like receptor ligands and their ability to act as vaccine adjuvants. It reviews the various …

Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor
understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery …

Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic
diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and …