The hydration force between large molecules or large surfaces is built on weak perturbation
of many solvent molecules. The structure of the surface sets boundary conditions on solvent …

A statistical thermodynamic theory is presented for the surface forces arising from the
interference of hydration layers at planar surfaces. The theory is a generalization of a …

The strongly repulsive short-range force between amphiphilic surfaces has, since Langmuir,
been asso-ciated with how these surfaces modify the local water structure. We considerthe …

The long-range attractions measured between hydrophobic surfaces are explained as part
of the van der Waals force. Classical continuum electrostatics is used to show that the force …

We present here a brief review of direct force measurements between hydrophobic surfaces
in aqueous solutions. For almost 70 years, researchers have attempted to understand the …

The hydrophobic attraction describes the well-known tendency for nonpolar molecules and
surfaces to agglomerate in water, controlled by the reorganization of intervening water …

Direct measurements of the force between hydrophobic surfaces across aqueous solutions
are reviewed. The results are presented according to the method of preparation of the …

The force between two hydrophobic surfaces enclosing an aqueous solution has been
calculated via Monte Carlo simulations using the isotension ensemble. The confined water …

An expression for the indirect interaction of surfaces through a liquid is derived that accounts
for inhomogeneity of the boundary conditions, which mimics the regular, irregular, or …

The results and implications of direct force measurements between molecularly smooth mica
surfaces in liquids are reviewed. These discussions include four interactions fundamental to …