Abstract Background Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) belong to the family of pattern-recognition
receptors with a crucial function of recognising pathogen-associated molecular patterns …

Meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Escherichia coli are associated with high
rates of mortality. When an infection occurs, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed by …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity that
are expressed in microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain. TLR2,-4, and-9 are …

Cryptococcus neoformans is a yeast that causes cryptococcosis, a life-threatening disease
that develops following inhalation and dissemination of the organisms. C. neoformans has a …

Bacterial meningitis is-despite therapeutical progress during the last decades-still
characterized by high mortality and severe permanent neurogical sequelae. The brain is …

Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening disease caused by the encapsulated yeast,
Cryptococcus neoformans. Although infection with C. neoformans is initiated in the lungs …

The brain represents a significant barrier for protective immune responses in both infectious
disease and cancer. We have recently demonstrated that immunotherapy with anti-CD40 …

Microglia represent one effector arm of CNS innate immunity as evident by their role in
pathogen recognition. We previously reported that exposure of microglia to Staphylococcus …

Microglia are the primary immune-competent cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and
sense both pathogen-and host-derived factors through several receptor systems including …

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family play critical roles as regulators of innate and
adaptive immune responses. TLRs function by recognizing diverse molecular patterns on …