Pharmaceuticals are chemicals that are used because of their biological activity. They are
often excreted unchanged and can reach the environment. Throughout developed countries …

About 4000 medical compounds are being used in the drugs applied today. It is estimated
that worldwide consumption of active compounds amounts to some 100,000 tons or more …

There has been increasing concern in recent years about the occurrence, fate and toxicity of
pharmaceutical products in the aquatic environment. Many of the more commonly used drug …

Intensive research on pharmaceuticals in the environment started about 15years ago. Since
then a vast amount of literature has been published. The input and presence of active …

However, the active pharmaceutical ingre dients (APIs) in these medicines, as either the
original drug or its metabolites, can be released into the environment and be present in very …

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products have become an environmental problem in
recent years. Their physicochemical properties and persistence in the environment have …

Low levels of human medicines (pharmaceuticals) have been detected in many countries in
sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents, surface waters, seawaters, groundwater and some …

Human and veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are involved in
contamination of surface water, ground water, effluents, sediments and biota. Effluents of …

Pharmaceuticals are indispensable for human and animal health. After use, the active
agents and their metabolites are excreted and enter the environment via different pathways …

Pharmaceuticals are biologically active and persistent substances which have been
recognized as a continuing threat to environmental stability. Chronic ecotoxicity data as well …