Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab and
Atezolizumab, have been applied in anti-tumor therapy and demonstrated exciting …

Currently, a marked number of clinical trials on cancer treatment have revealed the success
of immunomodulatory therapies based on immune checkpoint inhibitors that activate tumor …

Mounting evidence has revealed that the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapies is
restricted to a small portion of cancer patients. A deeper understanding of how metabolic …

Cancer metabolic reprogramming has been considered an emerging hallmark in
tumorigenesis and the antitumor immune response. Like cancer cells, immune cells within …

The development of immunotherapies over the past decade has resulted in a paradigm shift
in the treatment of cancer. However, the majority of patients do not benefit from …

Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancers, including shifting oxidative phosphorylation to
glycolysis and up‐regulating glutaminolysis to divert carbon sources into biosynthetic …

By targeting the tumor microenvironment to stimulate antitumor immunity, immunotherapies
have revolutionized cancer treatment. However, many patients do not respond initially or …

While immunotherapy has achieved unprecedented success in conquering cancer, the
majority of patients develop primary or acquired resistance to immunotherapy, largely in part …

Immune escape is one of the hallmarks of cancer. While metabolic reprogramming provides
survival advantage to tumor cancer cells, accumulating data also suggest such metabolic …

The metabolic reprogramming of cancer tissue has higher metabolic activity than
surrounding tissues. At the same time, the local infiltration of immunosuppressive cells is …