Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ ssRNA) viruses comprise many (re-) emerging
human pathogens that pose a public health problem. Our innate immune system and, in …

Highlights•Viruses are sensed by host pattern recognition receptors during infection.•Viruses
must inhibit the innate antiviral immune response for full replication.•Viruses can sequester …

Although often encoding fewer than a dozen genes, RNA viruses can overcome host
antiviral responses and wreak havoc on the cells they infect. Some manage to evade host …

Highlights•Coronaviruses employ versatile mechanisms to evade sensing of viral RNA.•Cap-
methylation of viral RNA facilitates innate immune evasion.•There is increasing evidence …

The discovery of a new class of cytosolic receptors recognizing viral RNA, called the RIG-
like receptors (RLRs), has revolutionized our understanding of the interplay between viruses …

Viruses are obligate, intracellular pathogens that must manipulate and exploit host
molecular mechanisms to prosper in the hostile cellular environment. Here we review the …

The prompt and tightly controlled induction of type I interferon is a central event of the
immune defense against viral infection. Flaviviruses comprise a large family of arthropod …

The innate immune system is the first line of the host defense program against pathogens
and harmful substances. Antiviral innate immune responses can be triggered by multiple …

In viral infections the host innate immune system is meant to act as a first line defense to
prevent viral invasion or replication before more specific protection by the adaptive immune …

Virus invasion triggers host immune responses, in particular, innate immune responses.
Pathogen‐associated molecular patterns of viruses (such as ds RNA, ss RNA, or viral …