Macrophages respond to microbial ligands and various noxious cues by initiating an
inflammatory response aimed at eliminating the original pathogenic insult. Transition of …

Branched-chain aminotransferases (BCAT) are enzymes that initiate the catabolism of
branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), such as leucine, thereby providing macromolecule …

In the macrophage, toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors that trigger signaling cascades
to activate inflammatory programs via the NF-κB gene network. However, the genomic …

Regulation of endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses by the chemokine CXCL4 is
implicated in inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, with CXCL4 proposed to potentiate TLR …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation induces inflammatory responses in macrophages by
activating temporally defined transcriptional cascades. Whether concurrent changes in the …

Summary Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells restrict immune pathology in inflamed tissues;
however, an inflammatory environment presents a threat to Treg cell identity and function …

Lactate is an end point of Warburg-type metabolism found in inflammatory macrophages.
Recently, lactate was shown to modify histones of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–activated …

Macrophages are crucial members of the innate immune response and important regulators.
The differentiation and activation of macrophages require the timely regulation of gene …

Chronic inflammation triggers compensatory immunosuppression to stop inflammation and
minimize tissue damage. Studies have demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress …

Macrophage activation/polarization to distinct functional states is critically supported by
metabolic shifts. How polarizing signals coordinate metabolic and functional …