This article reviews evidence for sex differences in vulnerability to addiction with an
emphasis on the neural mechanisms underlying these differences. Sex differences in the …

Epidemiological data demonstrate that while women report lower rates of drug use than
men, the number of current drug users and abusers who are women continues to increase …

Women exhibit more rapid escalation from casual drug taking to addiction, exhibit a greater
withdrawal response with abstinence, and tend to exhibit greater vulnerability than men in …

Human and animal research indicates the presence of sex differences in drug abuse. These
data suggest that females, compared to males, are more vulnerable to key phases of the …

Although both men and women become addicted to drugs of abuse, women transition to
addiction faster, experience greater difficulties remaining abstinent, and relapse more often …

Increasing evidence indicates the presence of sex differences in many aspects of drug
abuse. Most studies reveal that females exceed males during the initiation, escalation …

Sex differences are present for all of the phases of drug abuse (initiation, escalation of use,
addiction, and relapse following abstinence). While there are some differences among …

In this review we propose that there are sex differences in how men and women enter onto
the path that can lead to addiction. Males are more likely than females to engage in risky …

Gender-dependent differences in the rate of initiation and frequency of misuse of addicting
drugs have been widely described. Yet, men and women also differ in their propensity to …

A consistent finding in drug abuse research is that males and females show differences in
their response to drugs of abuse. In women, increased plasma estradiol is associated with …