Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. More than 17
million people die worldwide from CVD per year. There is considerable evidence suggesting …

Estrogen has pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms by which
estrogen confers these pleiotropic effects are undergoing active investigation. Until a …

Estrogen has important effects on cardiovascular function including regulation of vascular
function, blood pressure, endothelial relaxation, and the development of hypertrophy and …

Epidemiologic studies have previously suggested that premenopausal females have
reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) when compared to age-matched males …

Estrogen has a plethora of effects in the cardiovascular system. Studies of estrogen and the
heart span human clinical trials and basic cell and molecular investigations. Greater …

With increased life expectancy, women will spend over three decades of life
postmenopause. The menopausal transition increases susceptibility to metabolic diseases …

Estrogen plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular physiology and the
immune system by inducing direct effects on multiple cell types including immune and …

Estrogen is a potent steroid with pleiotropic effects, which have yet to be fully elucidated.
Estrogen has both nuclear and non-nuclear effects. The rapid response to estrogen, which …

The G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) is a novel membrane-bound receptor
that mediates non-genomic actions of the primary female sex hormone 17β-estradiol …

Estrogen has direct and indirect effects on the cardiovascular system that are mediated by
the estrogen receptors ER-α and ER-β. The direct effects of estrogen occur through rapid …