Nitrogen fixing symbioses between plants and bacteria are ancient and, while not
numerous, are formed in diverse lineages of plants ranging from microalgae to …

Abstract The Green Revolution was accompanied by a huge increase in the application of
fertilizers, particularly nitrogen. Recent studies indicate that a sizeable proportion of the …

Legumes are the second most important family of crop plants. One defining feature of
legumes is their unique ability to establish a nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis with soil …

The mechanisms by which legumes choose their rhizobial partners operate independently
from their ability to fix nitrogen. As a result of this naivety, symbiotic nitrogen fixation is often …

Legumes are important components of the nitrogen cycle on land. Agricultural systems have
traditionally relied much on legumes for nitrogen input because many species are able to …

In most legume nodules, the di-nitrogen (N2)-fixing rhizobia are present as organelle-like
structures inside their root host cells. Many processes operate and interact within the …

Rhizobia are phylogenetically disparate α-and β-proteobacteria that have achieved the
environmentally essential function of fixing atmospheric nitrogen (N 2) in symbiosis with …

Legumes, unlike most land plants, can form symbiotic root nodules with nitrogen‐fixing
bacteria to secure nitrogen for growth. The formation of nitrogen‐fixing nodules on legume …

Nitrogen is an essential element of life, and nitrogen availability often limits crop yields.
Since the Green Revolution, massive amounts of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers have been …

Growth at elevated [CO2] stimulates photosynthesis and increases carbon (C) supply in all
C3 species. A sustained and maximal stimulation in productivity at elevated [CO2] requires …