Immune checkpoints consist of inhibitory and stimulatory pathways that maintain self-
tolerance and assist with immune response. In cancer, immune checkpoint pathways are …

The immune system is the core defense against cancer development and progression.
Failure of the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells plays an important …

Checkpoint receptor blockers, known to act by blocking the pathways that inhibit immune
cell activation and stimulate immune responses against tumor cells, have been immensely …

The success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), notably anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte
associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) as well as inhibitors of CTLA-4, programmed death 1 (PD-1) …

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), mainly including anti-programmed
cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and anti-cytotoxic T …

Cancer immunotherapy has been a great breakthrough, with immune checkpoint inhibitors
leading the way. Despite the clinical effectiveness of certain immune checkpoint inhibitors …

The discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has now been universally
acknowledged as a significant breakthrough in tumor therapy after the targeted treatment of …

Over the last two decades, our understanding of the molecular basis of immunity has
revealed the complexity of regulatory pathways involved in immune responses to cancer. A …

Immune responses are regulated by an exquisite system of checks and balances that
enable effective protective immunity and tolerance. A number of immunological checkpoints …

A major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint
proteins, which function to effectively inhibit the immune system through various …