Background Substances from various classes may be used for recreational purposes, self-
treatment or to boost performance. When substance use shifts from occasional to regular …

The consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs has become a concern in high-
performance athletes. Professional athletes are more exposed to drugs than the general …

Abstract Introduction and Aims. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of illicit drug
use among elite Australian athletes with a focus upon cannabis, ecstasy …

Aims To study the relationship between sporting activity and alcohol, cigarette and cannabis
use among adolescents and young adults, by focusing on elite student athletes (ESAs) …

Objectives: To document the use of performance-enhancing substances (PES) by young
athletes and to identify associated factors. Design: Retrospective survey. Setting: Self …

The purpose was to examine cigarette smoking, use of snus, alcohol, and performance‐
enhancing illicit drugs among adolescent elite athletes and controls, and possible gender …

Abstract Background and Aim Measuring the prevalence of doping in recreational sport is
difficult. However, to fit their initiatives, National Anti-Doping Organizations are interested in …

Elite athletes often find themselves in a dilemma between maintaining optimal health to be
successful and accepting health risks by pushing their physical limits. For elite adolescent …

Much of the literature investigating the relationship between sports participation and
substance use has focused upon student populations, with little focus being given to athletes …

Professional and other elite athletes use some substances at higher rates than nonathletes
in the general population [1–7]. This is especially true for substances that have actual or …