The immune system is active in breast cancer, playing a dual role in tumor progression and
in immune surveillance. Infiltrating immune cells are both prognostic and predictive of …

Breast cancer is immunogenic, and infiltrating immune cells in primary breast tumors convey
important clinical prognostic and predictive information. Furthermore, the immune system is …

More than 70% of breast cancers contain lymphocytic infiltration in the stroma, and
preclinical studies suggest that immunoediting and partial control of cancer progression by …

Immunotherapy encompasses both vaccines that direct immune responses to tumor-
associated antigens, and checkpoint blocking antibodies that inhibit immune system …

Cancer immunotherapy has altered the management of human malignancies, improving
outcomes in an expanding list of diseases. Breast cancer-presumably due to its perceived …

Recently, the development of immunotherapy through the immune checkpoint blockade led
to long-lasting responses in several types of cancers that are refractory to conventional …

Immunotherapy has emerged as the fifth pillar of cancer treatment alongside surgery,
radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the …

Recent progress in immunobiology has led the way to successful host immunity
enhancement against breast cancer. In triple-negative breast cancer, the combination of …

Historically, breast cancer has been regarded as an immunogenic “cold” tumor. However,
the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors has made immunotherapy becoming an …

The advent of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has
revolutionized the treatment of solid tumor malignancies. In breast cancer, the most robust …